A TBI is an injury that affects how the brain works, caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury. TBIs range from mild (concussion) to severe.

Possibly. Many concussions and diffuse injuries don’t appear on routine imaging. Proof often comes from clinical history, neuropsychological testing, balance/vestibular and neuro-optometric exams, and advanced imaging (e.g., DTI) when appropriate.

PA’s general two-year limitation period applies, but timing can run from when the injury was (or should have been) discovered. The MCARE Act’s 7-year statute of repose was held unconstitutional by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Yanakos v. UPMC (2019), which significantly changed repose-based defenses. These issues are highly fact-specific.

Medical expenses (past/future), rehab and therapies, home/vehicle modifications, lost wages and earning capacity, household services, and pain, suffering, disfigurement, and loss of life’s pleasures. Punitive damages may be evaluated where facts support them.

Through consistent symptom documentation, treating provider notes, targeted specialty exams (vestibular/vision), neuropsych testing, work records, third-party observations, and—when warranted—advanced imaging and biomechanical analysis.

Yes – 69,000+ TBI-related deaths occurred in 2021, and 223,050 hospitalizations in 2018. Many more are treated in EDs or outpatient settings and never hospitalized.

Our skulls are remarkably resilient, but there’s so much we still don’t know about brain injuries. Some people can withstand severe head trauma without it affecting their brains, while others sustain mild repeated damage with consequences that show up later in life.

The following are the most prevalent types of TBI:

• Penetrating brain injury: Such injuries occur when an object or piece of skull enters the brain. Patients with a penetrating brain injury will need immediate emergency medical treatment.
• Coup or contrecoup: A coup injury occurs under the site of impact on the skull, whereas a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit. They can occur individually, or simultaneously, and are usually associated with cerebral contusions.
• Cerebral contusions: These are a type of TBI in which the brain is bruised. They are often caused by blows to the head, and occur in up to 30% of all serious brain injuries. Contusions can cause a decline in mental function, as well as causing the brain to squeeze past parts of the skull, which is a life threatening condition.
• Concussion: Concussions are TBIs which can affect cognitive functioning. Symptoms of a concussion may begin immediately after head trauma, but will often not show up until days after the injury.
• Diffuse axonal: This injury is the result of severed connections in the brain’s nerve fibers, which may lead to coma and permanent injury.
• Hemorrhage: Hemorrhages refer to bleeding in the brain.
• Swelling on the brain: This is caused by fluid collecting in the brain, which increases pressure and may be life threatening.
• Skull fracture: Skull fractures may or may not cause brain damage, but patients with skull fractures should always be evaluated for possible brain injury.

Many of the typical symptoms of “mild” to “moderate” TBIs are difficult to notice, even in the emergency room. It is important to know that because brain injuries are often difficult to detect, many victims rarely receive prompt treatment for their physical and cognitive impairments. In fact, health practitioners often misdiagnose a brain injury, or fail to diagnose them all together.

If you suspect a brain injury has occurred, you need to look for symptoms, which can include:

• Headaches
• Inability to process information at pre-injury rates of speed
• Lack of clear judgment
• Lack of memory and recall
• Reduced level of comprehension including basic information
• Reduced sense of taste and smell
• Slurred speech and incoherent sentences
• Progressive social isolation and alienation, even from immediate family and friends
• Violent behavior

Remember that these symptoms may not always show up immediately. Many people who suffer a concussion will not begin to notice symptoms for several days, and often feel completely fine – until the moment they suddenly don’t. Anyone who has suffered an injury to their head should be carefully monitored by another adult, and a physician may recommend that you be woken up every 2-3 hours from sleep to check on your cognitive functioning.

Brain injury in children is most often caused by a fall or by assault. This is commonly referred to as “shaken baby syndrome”. The other common causes of brain injury in young children are:

• Assault
• Being struck by something
• Motor vehicle accidents

Symptoms in young children can be similar to those seen in adults, but there are few extra details that parents and caregivers should be on the lookout for after any sort of trauma to the head.

Since children often can’t talk about what’s wrong with them, caregivers should watch to see if the child has a dazed appearance or becomes listless and easily tired. Irritability, excessive crying, a change in eating or sleeping patterns, or a loss of balance are also other key warning signs. If a child has a large head bump or bruise on any area other than their forehead, they should seek immediate medical attention. This is especially true for infants under a year old.

Although anyone can suffer from a brain injury, young children are the most susceptible to brain injuries. Many of the most common birth injuries are caused by brain injury. These injuries often don’t require any trauma to occur — a lack of oxygen to the brain, known as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, can cause irreversible damage within minutes.

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy, or HIE can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Blocked airway in the infant
• Long or difficult delivery
• Delayed C-Section
• The placenta separating too soon from the womb
• When the mother has too little oxygen
• Umbilical cord issues
• Serious infections in the mother or baby
• High or low blood pressure in the mother